Casciani D (4 June 2015). "Cocaine in sewage: London tops league table". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015. Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots. And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it? [163] Isolation and naming Martin RT (October 1970). "The role of coca in the history, religion, and medicine of South American Indians". Economic Botany. 24 (4): 422–438. doi: 10.1007/BF02860746. S2CID 34523519. Embury-Dennis T. "It's legal to manufacture cocaine and heroin for medical use — and Britain is the world's biggest exporter". Business Insider.

a b Ambre JJ, Belknap SM, Nelson J, Ruo TI, Shin SG, Atkinson AJ (July 1988). "Acute tolerance to cocaine in humans". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 44 (1): 1–8. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1988.104. PMID 3390996. S2CID 44253676. Following the success of Marching Powder, Rusty was recruited as a Program Director of the US government's Anti-Kidnapping Program in Colombia. He was part of a team that trained local police, military and SWAT teams in kidnapping response and hostage rescue. At the time, Colombia had an average of eight kidnappings a day. It was a role fraught with danger and Rusty lived part-time on a military base, drove a Level III armoured vehicle, communicated with colleagues via encrypted radio and changed houses in Bogotá a dozen times. He kept this work completely secret. Analysis of the correlation between the use of 18 various psychoactive substances shows that cocaine use correlates with other " party drugs" (such as ecstasy or amphetamines), as well as with heroin and benzodiazepines use, and can be considered as a bridge between the use of different groups of drugs. [46] Coca leaves Nordegren T (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Universal-Publishers. p.461. ISBN 978-1-58112-404-0. Robins RJ, Waltons NJ, Hamill JD, Parr AJ, Rhodes MJ (October 1991). "Strategies for the genetic manipulation of alkaloid-producing pathways in plants". Planta Medica. 57 (7 Suppl): S27-35. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960226. PMID 17226220. S2CID 45912704.Cocaine is known to suppress hunger and appetite by increasing co-localization of sigma σ 1R receptors and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptors at the neuronal cell surface, thereby increasing ghrelin-mediated signaling of satiety [116] and possibly via other effects on appetitive hormones. [117] Chronic users may lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss. Cocaine: Seizures, 1998–2003" (PDF). World Drug Report 2006. Vol.2. New York: United Nations. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2007. Colombiano was published in Australia in August 2017 and was the highest-selling Australian fiction title that month. It will be released worldwide in 2018. a b Goldstein RA, DesLauriers C, Burda AM (January 2009). "Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity--a review". Disease-a-Month. 55 (1): 6–38. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.10.002. PMID 19081448.

Altman AJ, Albert DM, Fournier GA (1985). "Cocaine's use in ophthalmology: our 100-year heritage". Survey of Ophthalmology. 29 (4): 300–6. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(85)90153-5. PMID 3885453. Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March 2008. Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them. [213] Sales to consumers Cocaine adulterated with fruit flavoring Dimitrijevic N, Dzitoyeva S, Manev H (August 2004). "An automated assay of the behavioral effects of cocaine injections in adult Drosophila". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 137 (2): 181–184. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.02.023. PMID 15262059. S2CID 19882594. Filip M, Bubar MJ, Cunningham KA (September 2004). "Contribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 5-HT2 receptor subtypes to the hyperlocomotor effects of cocaine: acute and chronic pharmacological analyses". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 310 (3): 1246–54. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.068841. PMID 15131246. S2CID 25809734.Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine. Benzoylecgonine can be detected in urine within four hours after cocaine intake and remains detectable in concentrations greater than 150ng/mL typically for up to eight days after cocaine is used. Detection of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until after the sections of hair grown during the period of cocaine use are cut or fall out. [104] Pharmacodynamics Coca herbal infusion (also referred to as coca tea) is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as "coca tea" has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. In Peru, the National Coca Company, a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U.S. for medicinal use. [128] Valdez LM, Taboada J, Valdez JE (June 2015). "Ancient Use of Coca Leaves in the Peruvian Central Highlands". Journal of Anthropological Research. 71 (2): 231–258. doi: 10.3998/jar.0521004.0071.204. S2CID 163842955. Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, [53] long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface (such as a mobile phone screen, mirror, CD case or book) and divided into "bumps", "lines" or "rails", and then insufflated. [54] A 2001 study reported that the sharing of straws used to "snort" cocaine can spread blood diseases such as hepatitis C. [55] Injection Transgenic mice exhibiting inducible expression of ΔFosB primarily in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum exhibit sensitized behavioural responses to cocaine. [87] They self-administer cocaine at lower doses than control, [88] but have a greater likelihood of relapse when the drug is withheld. [88] [89] ΔFosB increases the expression of AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 [87] and also decreases expression of dynorphin, thereby enhancing sensitivity to reward. [89]